Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. D espite modern advances most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. P atients do not often believe they really need surgery-cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. I n the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. T oday the situation is different. O perations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. T he heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. C logged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. H owever, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation . T he scope of surgery has increased remarkably in this century. I ts safety has increased too. D eaths from most operations are about 20 percent of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for the octogenarian. M any developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. The include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes ; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very long operations. A ll these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.