Can you recite the alphabet( 字母表 ) easily and quickly? Can you write your name easily? Can you play scales( 音阶 ) ___1__ ? You would probably say that you memorized all this. But what you actually did was __2____. And the way you learned them was by forming a habit! In other words, what was once __3____, such as reciting the alphabet or playing scales, became easy and almost automatic when you formed the ___4__ . So memory can be described as learning by means of ___5___. A human being has a tremendous( 巨大的 ) number of such habits that enable him to do most of _6_____ , such as fastening buttons or washing hands. But suppose you read a book and then someone asked you what the book was about, or how to describe the plot( 情节 ). Surely, your response cannot be said to come from __7_____. But if you examine the situation carefully, you will see that something very much like habit does play a part. For example, ___8_, you learn how to put certain elements together in the proper order. Now, when you give ___9__, or tell what it’s about, you are doing the same kind of thing. In fact, some psychologists say that all learning (and this also ___10__ ) is made up of a vast combination of simple habits.