READING Directions You are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Text a little less and think a little more A A recent Nielsen report shows that children aged 13 to 17 average an astonishing 3,417 text messages a month – some 45 percent of all text messages. This breaks down to seven texts every waking hour, or roughly one every eight-and-a-half minutes. But those who look at this data and worry that young people are over-texting may be asking the wrong question. The more pertinent (直接相关的) concern may be not the amount, but the function. Many observers argue that the social world of teenagers and even young adults is nowadays largely constituted by text messaging. B Maybe so. Certainly a principal reason cited by many teens for their use of texting is that it is fun. In some surveys, young people reported that they prefer texting to conversation. And “prefer” may be too weak a word. Many young people, when not allowed to text, become anxious and uneasy. C In recent years, there has been no shortage of reports on television about researchers who say they have found teens addicted to their mobile phones. Perhaps a better way to view the data is as an illustration of how mobile phones in general, and texting in particular, have taken over the experiential world of the young. An economist might expect that teens deprived of texting would simply substitute another method of communication – talking, for instance. As it turns out, a significant minority will not. They will behave instead, researchers report, the way people do when deprived of human contact. D Texting allows the young to create their own world. E The phone, in other words, is not merely a tool through which teens keep in touch with friends. It is the technology that defines their social circle. If they cannot text someone, that person may as well not exist. F Still, I am not criticizing the technology itself. Like most people of all ages these days, I find texting far too convenient to ignore – although, to be sure, my usual quota is two or three texts a day, not seven an hour. G The trouble is that texting arose suddenly, not gradually. Originally included in mobile phones as a tool to enable service providers to spam their customers, it actually came to the US later than most of the industrialized world. David Mercer, in his 2006 book The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology , suggests that the popularity of the practice rose sharply when viewers were urged to text their votes for the winner on such television programs as American Idol . This break from past practice was so radical that adults had no opportunity to work out from their own experience reasonable bounds for the young. And so the young, unbounded, freely created their own world, from which the old are largely excluded. H Fears of what young people might be like if left free to design the world have long been with us: Think Lord of the Files, A Clockwork Orange , or “Children of the Corn.” That imponderable (难以判断的事物) I leave for others to weigh. I don’t believe that over-texting will create dangerous psychopaths (精神病患者) . But it might create something else. I Heavy texting has been linked to sleep deprivation among the young, evidently because they somehow feel compelled to respond, even in the middle of the night. Researchers have found correlations between texting and everything from illiteracy to overeating. A 2006 study by James E. Katz, perhaps the leading academic expert on mobile phone use, has found that young people have trouble giving up their phones, even for a short time. Most were unable to make it through a two-day experiment designed to discover what they would do without their phones. Texting crowds out other activities J On the other hand, if used in moderation, texting might help demolish (彻底破坏) the weird and unmannerly etiquette of the mobile phone, in which, for no reason but the technology’s existence, it is the recipient of the call who is somehow required to make an excuse if not free to answer. Texting harks back to (类似于) an earlier, less demanding model of communication, in which response was at the convenience of the respondent. It was, and is, known as letter writing. K There may actually be advantages in the use of phones for a purpose other than conversation. The proliferation of phone apps may help children learn. (It may also lead to a new digital divide between those with lots of apps on their phones and those without.) And for those who are worried that constant mobile phone use by the young might lead to cancer, or perhaps glucose (葡萄糖) absorption in the brain, texting – in which the phone is nowhere near the ear – is obviously an improvement. L The larger problem with texting involves neither the physical nor the mental health of our growing army of young texters. My worry is that the ubiquity (无处不在) of texting may accelerate the decline of what our struggling democracy most needs: independent thought. Indeed, as texting crowds out other activities, it must inevitably crowd out inactivity – and there lies a danger. For inactivity and thinking are inextricably (紧密相连) linked. M By inactivity, I mean doing nothing that occupies the mind: time spent in reflection. Bertrand Russell wrote a marvellous essay on this subject, titled “In Praise of Idleness” (also the title of the collection in which the essay is most readily found). Russell’s point is that when the rest of the world thinks we are idle, the brain, if properly trained, is following its own path. Only then, he contends, are we truly thinking. The rest of the time we are analysing and reacting, but our thoughts are then determined by responses to the thoughts of others. Unless we spend time in reflection – in idleness – we can never truly think thoughts of our own. N Already we live in an era when there is little time for idle thinking. Whether in the storms of political argument or the hyperkinetic (运动过度的) pace of the workplace, we are called upon constantly to respond rather than reflect. The education of the young, increasingly built around the rapid-fire model of the standardized test, only enhances the model of thought in which speed is everything and reflection is for those left behind. As young people increasingly fill their free hours with texting and other similarly fast-paced, attention-absorbing activities, the opportunities for sustained reflective thought will continue to fade. Spiralling away from democratic vision O Today’s public debates are dominated by the short and the concise, and influential commentators often seem to take pride in the assumption that nobody who disagrees with them can possibly have anything useful to say. As Cass Sunstein, now a White House adviser, points out in his splendid book Republic.com , a crucial aspect of free speech is that it forces us, from time to time, to encounter a voice we do not expect to hear making a point we have not considered. We are spiralling rapidly away from that healthy democratic vision. The explosion of text messaging is certainly not a cause of the unhealthy political world we adults are passing on to our children. But it points to how far we are from a cure. ( 1,260 words ) _____ 1 Texting may benefit the texter in that the phone is away from the ear. _____ 2 The young use mobile phones to specify their own social circle. _____ 3 According to some surveys, young people said that they would rather text than converse. _____ 4 We can think independently only if we spend time in reflection. _____ 5 Text messaging arose later in the United States than many other industrialized nations. _____ 6 Many an observer believes that text messaging has a great impact on the social world of teenagers and young adults. _____ 7 Due to the prevalence of texting, independent thinking may decline. _____ 8 The explosion of texting takes us far away from the healthy political world. _____ 9 When not allowed to text, a relatively small number of teens will not choose an alternate way of communication – talking. _____ 10 Over-texting results in many problems among the young, such as lack of sleep, illiteracy, and overeating.