are carried out under conditions containing water. Near neutral pH, and mild

is carried out under the catalysis of an enzyme

Gradual release of energy during oxidation and a considerable portion of it is stored in the form of ATP

The formation of water is the oxidative synthesis of hydrogen and air in the matter

兴中会

中国同盟会

华兴会

强学会

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错误

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Decreased hydrogen ion concentration

Increase in oxidative phosphorylation

Loss of intracellular Na+ and water

Stimulation of the ATP synthesis

Stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis

一跤决胜制

五跤三胜制

三跤二胜制

七跤四胜制

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In the first committed step of the pathway, an amino group donated by glutamine is attached at C-1 of PRPP. The resulting 5-phosphoribosylamine is highly unstable, with a half-life of 30 seconds at pH 7.5. The purine ring is subsequently built up on this structure.

The second step is the addition of three atoms from glycine. An ATP is consumed to activate the glycine carboxyl group (in the form of an acyl phosphate) for this condensation reaction. The added glycine amino group is then formylated by N 10 -formyltetrahydrofolate, and a nitrogen is contributed by glutamine, before dehydration and ring closure yield the five-membered imidazole ring of the purine nucleus, as 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide.

At this point, three of the six atoms needed for the second ring in the purine structure are in place. To complete the process, a carboxyl group is first added. This carboxylation is unusual in that it does not require biotin, but instead uses the bicarbonate generally present in aqueous solutions. A rearrangement transfers the carboxylate from the exocyclic amino group to position 4 of the imidazole ring. In higher eukaryotes, including humans, the 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide product of step 5 is carboxylated directly to carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide in one step instead of two. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction is AIR carboxylase.

Aspartate now donates its amino group in two steps: formation of an amide bond, followed by elimination of the carbon skeleton of aspartate (as fumarate). The final carbon is contributed by N 10 -formyltetrahydrofolate, and a second ring closure takes place to yield the second fused ring of the purine nucleus. The first intermediate with a complete purine ring is inosinate (IMP).

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