Can you recite the alphabet(字母表) easily and quickly? Can you write your name easily? Can you play scales(音阶) ? You would probably say that you memorized all this. But what you actually did was . And the way you learned them was by forming a habit! In other words, what was once , such as reciting the alphabet or playing scales, became easy and almost automatic when you formed the . So memory can be described as learning by means of . A human being has a tremendous(巨大的) number of such habits that enable him to do most of , such as fastening buttons or washing hands. But suppose you read a book and then someone asked you what the book was about, or how to describe the plot(情节). Surely, your response cannot be said to come from . But if you examine the situation carefully, you will see that something very much like habit does play a part. For example, , you learn how to put certain elements together in the proper order. Now, when you give , or tell what it’s about, you are doing the same kind of thing. In fact, some psychologists say that all learning (and this also ) is made up of a vast combination of simple habits.