Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. The most important thing in the news last week was the rising discussion in Nashville about the educational needs of children. The shorthand ( 简写 ) educators use for this is "pre-K"—meaning instruction before kindergarten—and the big idea is to prepare 4-year-olds and even younger kids to be ready to succeed on their K-12 journey. But it gets complicated . The concept has multiple forms, and scholars and policymakers argue about the shape, scope and cost of the ideal program. The federal Head Start program, launch ed 50 years ago, has served more than 30 million children. It was based on concept s developed at Vanderbilt University's Peabody College by Susan Gray, the legendary pioneer in early childhood education research. A new Peabody study of the Tennessee Voluntary Pre-K program reports that pre-K works, but the gains are not sustained through the third grade. It seems to me this highlight s quality issues in elementary schools more than pre-K, and indicate s longer-term success must connect pre-K with all the other issues related to educating a child. Pre-K is controversial . Some critics say it is a luxury and shouldn't be free to families able to pay. Pre-K advocates insist it is proven and will succeed if integrated with the rest of the child's schooling. I lean toward the latter view. This is, in any case , the right conversation to be having now as Mayor Megan Barry takes office . She was the first candidate to speak out for strong pre-K programming. The important thing is for all of us to keep in mind the real goal and the longer, bigger picture. The weight of the evidence is on the side of pre-K that early intervention ( 干预 ) works. What government has not yet found is the political will to put that understanding into full practice with a sequence of smart schooling that provides the early foundation. For this purpose, our schools need both the talent and the organization to educate each child who arrives at the schoolhouse door. Some show up ready, but many do not at this critical time when young brains are developing rapidly. 1. What does the author say about pre-kindergarten education?