Passage 2 Many early theories suggested that self-esteem is a basic human need or motivation. American psychologist Abraham Maslow described two different forms of esteem: the need for respect from others, and the need for self-respect or inner self-esteem. Respect from others entails recognition, acceptance, status, and appreciation, and was believed to be more fragile and easily lost than inner self-esteem. According to Maslow, without the fulfillment of the self-esteem need, individuals will be driven to seek it and unable to grow. Modern theories of self-esteem explore the reasons humans are motivated to maintain a high regard for themselves. Sociometer theory ( 社会测量理论 )maintains that self-esteem evolves to check one ’ s level of status and acceptance in one ’ s social group. According to terror management theory, self-esteem serves a protective function and reduces anxiety about life and death. Self-esteem is the sum of attitudes which depend on perceptions, thoughts, evaluations, feelings and behavioral tendencies aiming toward ourselves, the way we are and behave, and our bodies and character’s features. In shout, it is one’s self evaluative perception. The importance of self-esteem lies in the fact that it concerns ourselves, the way we are and the sense of our personal value. Thus, it affects the way we are and act in the world and the way we are related to everybody else. Nothing in the way we think, feel, decide and act escapes the influence of self-esteem. Carl Rogers, the greatest exponent( 代表者 ) of humanistic psychology, exposed that the origin of problems for many people is that they despise themselves and they consider themselves to be invaluable and unworthy of being loved. Indeed, the concept of self-esteem is approached since then in humanistic psychology as an inalienable right for every person, and summarized in the following sentence: “Every human being, with no exception, for the mere face to be it, is worthy of unconditional respect of everybody else; he deserves to esteem himself and to be esteemed. By virtue of this reason, even the most evil human beings deserve respect and considerate treatment. This attitude, nonetheless, does not pretend to come into conflict with mechanisms that society has at its disposition ( 控制 ) to prevent individuals from causing hurt – of any type –to others. The concept of self-esteem has frequently gone beyond the exclusively scientific sphere to take part in popular language. 1. What is the major difference between early and modern theories of self-esteem? A Early theories focus on respect from others, while modern theories stress self-respect. B Early theories explore social aspects, while modern theories explore individual factors. C Early theories maintain its necessity, while modern theories look for its potential. D Early theories regard it as a basic need, while modern theories try to find out the motivations. 2. Self-esteem is important because ______. A it influences the understanding of ourselves and our relations with others B it is very fragile and easily lost C it can reduce our anxiety about life and death D it affects how we are treated in a community 3 The word "inalienable" (Line 4, Paragraph 5) probably describes something that ______ A cannot be take away B is equal for everyone C everyone desires for D everyone should have 4. Which of the following may result from lack of self-esteem? A People hurt each other and social chaos occurs. B People become fragile and are unworthy of being loved. C People tend to underestimate themselves. D People despise each other and refuse to cooperate. 5. The most evil human beings should be respected because ______. A everyone is born to be respected B if not, they will cause more social chaos C everyone is born equal D esteem decides every aspect of life