strengthen

astray

laugh

cultivating

acquire

basis

inquire

initiative

genetic

idle K. primary L. obstacle M. reserve N. base O. ridicule Some personal characteristics play a vital role in the development of one’s intelligence. But people fail to realize the importance of (1) ____________ these factors in young people. The so-called non-intelligence factors include one’s feelings, will, motivation, interests and habits. After a 30-year follow-up study of 800 males, American psychologists found out that the main cause of disparities in intelligence is not intelligence itself, but non-intelligence factors including the desire to learn, will-power and self-factors. Some parents are greatly worried when their children fail to do well in their studies. They blame either (2) ____________ factors, malnutrition, or laziness, but they never take into consideration these non-intelligence factors. At the same time, some teachers don’t (3) ____________ into these, as reasons why students do poorly. They simply give them more courses and exercises, or even rebuke or (4) ____________ them. Gradually, these students lose self-confidence. Some of them just feel defeated and give themselves up as hopeless. Others may go (5) ____________ because they are sick of learning. The investigation of more than 1 000 middle school students in Shanghai showed that 46.5 percent of them were afraid of learning, because of examinations, 36.4 percent lack persistence, (6) ____________ and conscientiousness and 10.3 percent were sick of learning. It is clear that the lack of cultivation of non-intelligence factors has been a main (7) ____________ to intelligence development in teenagers. It even causes an imbalance between physiological and psychological development among a few students. If we don’t start now to (8) ____________ the cultivation of non-intelligence factors, it will not only obstruct the development of the intelligence of teenagers, but also affect the quality of a whole generation. Some experts have put forward proposals about how to develop students’ no intelligence factors. First, parents and teachers should fully understand teenage psychology. On this (9) ____________, they can help them to pursue the objective of learning, stimulating their will-power. The cultivation of non-intelligence factors should also be part of (10) ____________ education for small children. Parents should attend to these qualities from the very beginning.