Book IV Unit1 pre-reading dictation Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information. 1 logic is the use and study of valid 2 . The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy, 3 , and computer science. Logic was studied in several ancient 4 , including India, China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal 5 by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium ( 三学科 ), which also included 6 and rhetoric. Logic was further 7 by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups (idea and 8 ). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporalis and the 9 ( 时间与意义 ). In the East, logic was developed by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains ( 耆那教徒 ). Logic is often divided into three parts: 10 reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.